How much does emotional valence of action outcomes affect temporal binding?

- Temporal binding was not affected by the emotional valence of emoticons as action outcomes.
- Temporal binding was similarly not affected by the emotional valence of human faces.
- Temporal binding was similarly not affected by the emotional valence of sound vocalizations.
- Overall, emotional valence of action outcomes did not affect temporal binding.

Temporal binding refers to the compression of the perceived time interval between voluntary actions and their sensory consequences. Research suggests that the emotional content of an action outcome can modulate the effects of temporal binding. We attempted to conceptually replicate these findings using a time interval estimation task and different emotionally-valenced action outcomes (Experiments 1 and 2) than used in previous research. Contrary to previous findings, we found no evidence that temporal binding was affected by the emotional valence of action outcomes. After validating our stimuli for equivalence of perceived emotional valence and arousal (Experiment 3), in Experiment 4 we directly replicated Yoshie and Haggard's (2013) original experiment using sound vocalizations as action outcomes and failed to detect a significant effect of emotion on temporal binding. These studies suggest that the emotional valence of action outcomes exerts little influence on temporal binding. The potential implications of these findings are discussed.