Cardiovascular disease and perceived weight, racial, and gender discrimination in U.S. adults

- Perceived discrimination may be important cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.
- Strength of association was compared between weight, racial, and gender discrimination.
- Perceived racial and weight discriminations were significantly associated with CVD.
- Association was strongest for those reporting multiple forms of discrimination.
- Perceived weight and racial discrimination should be assessed for prevention of CVD.

ObjectiveTo date, most research on perceived discrimination and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has examined racial discrimination although other forms of discrimination may also impact physical and mental health. The current study investigated the relationship between three forms of discrimination (weight, race, and gender) and 3-year incidence of CVD in a large national sample of U.S. adults.Methods26,992 adults (55.5% women) who participated in the 2001-2002 and 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were included in this study. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to calculate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for three forms of perceived discrimination (simultaneously included in equations after adjusting for relevant potential confounds) for predicting CVD incidence at Wave 2.ResultsPerceived weight and racial discrimination were associated with significantly greater likelihood of reporting myocardial infarction (OR = 2.56 [95% CI = 1.31-4.98], OR = 1.84 [95% CI = 1.19-2.84], respectively) and minor heart conditions (OR = 1.48 [95% CI = 1.11-1.98], OR = 1.41 [95% CI = 1.18-1.70], respectively). Perceived racial discrimination was also significantly associated with greater likelihood of reporting arteriosclerosis (OR = 1.61 [95% CI = 1.11-2.34]). Odds ratios for diagnoses of arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and other minor heart disease were largest for individuals reporting multiple forms of discrimination.ConclusionsAdults who experience weight and racial discrimination, and especially multiple forms of discrimination, may be at heightened risk for CVD. Perceived discrimination may be important to consider during assessment of life stressors by health providers. Future research should address the mechanisms that link discrimination and CVD to assist public health and policy efforts to reduce discrimination.