Disputed water: Competing knowledge and power asymmetries in the Yali Alto basin, Chile

- Hydrological data and technical studies play a crucial role in water conflicts.
- Agro-industrial expansion in Yali Alto turned into water conflicts with local users.
- Hydrological information positioned agro-industrial demands on political agendas.
- Applying hydrological reports for decision-making lead to unequal power relations.
- Discourses on water scarcity are not neutral but shaped by socio-political factors.

Hydrological information - which plays a crucial role in resolving conflicts over water allocation and distribution - is commonly seen as apolitical. However, this type of information is seldom objective and free of biases. Instead, it is used to position arguments and interests in accordance with the prevailing political agendas. Information is structured by complex and conflicting networks of public and private stakeholder interests, further reconstituted in different periods of time and place. Based on a study of the upper Yali basin in the municipality of San Pedro de Melipilla, Chile, we show how knowledge about water is produced, circulated and applied in the context of water scarcity and emerging conflicts over access to groundwater. Building on the notion of the hydrosocial cycle, the qualitative study shows how the production of hydrological reports and its application in political decision-making have reinforced asymmetrical relationships between the stakeholders locked in water conflicts. The lack of capacity of local farmers and community organizations to translate experiences into codified hydrological knowledge further exacerbates these asymmetries. Agro-industrial companies operating in the basin use hydrological assessments to locate and shift the water scarcity problems to the users, whereas locals blame them for accumulating disproportionately large concentrations of water extraction rights. Results contribute to the existing literature on environmental knowledge, arguing that discourses on water scarcity are not objective but shaped by socio-political contingencies. Overemphasising on data and techno-science based information to support certain decisions may be misleading without first unveiling the knowledge production processes operating across power-laden landscapes.