Product and labor market imperfections and scale economies: Micro-evidence on France, Japan and the Netherlands

- We estimate product and labor market imperfections in France, Japan and the Netherlands.
- We consider two product and three labor market settings, thus distinguishing 6 regimes.
- We classify 30 comparable manufacturing industries in these regimes.
- We find important regime differences across the three countries.
- We also observe differences in the levels of product market imperfections within regimes.

Allowing for three labor market settings (perfect competition or right-to-manage bargaining, efficient bargaining and monopsony), this paper relies on two extensions of Hall's econometric framework for estimating simultaneously price-cost margins and scale economies. Using an unbalanced panel of 17653 firms over the period 1986-2001 in France, 8728 firms over the period 1994-2006 in Japan and 7828 firms over the period 1993-2008 in the Netherlands, we first apply two procedures to classify 30 comparable manufacturing industries in 6 distinct regimes that differ in terms of the type of competition prevailing in product and labor markets. For each of the predominant regimes in each country, we then investigate industry differences in the estimated product and labor market imperfections and scale economies. Consistent with differences in institutions and in the industrial relations system in the three countries, we find important regime differences across the three countries and also observe differences in the levels of product market imperfections and scale economies within regimes.