Competition, cooperation, and coopetition of green supply chains under regulations on energy saving levels

We develop price-energy-saving competition and cooperation models for two green supply chains (GSCs) under government financial intervention. First, we study the best response strategies of the chains for the given tariffs of a government. Second, we formulate 16 mathematical programming models regarding governments' energy-saving, social welfare, and revenue-seeking policies. We find that the government can orchestrate GSCs to fulfil the financial, social, and environmental objectives by an appropriate tariff mechanism. Moreover, cooperation in a GSC and between GSCs may facilitate the government's sustainable development policies. A comprehensive analysis on case study of brick production GSCs reveals some important managerial insights.