Reducing ice adhesion by hierarchical micro-nano-pillars

- The surface with hierarchical micro-nano-pillars had the least ice adhesion, which was far less than the surface with micro-pillars and smooth surface without any structure (MN < M < S).
- Decreasing the micro-pillar space decreased ice adhesion, and the ice adhesion of micro-nano-pillar remained the smallest despite the geometry change.
- A linear correlation was observed between lateral ice adhesion and contact angle hysteresis of micro-pillar surface.
- The surface geometry change resulted in different ice-substrate contact areas and thus different ice adhesions.