XPS quantification of the hetero-junction interface energy

▸ Quantum entrapment or polarization dictates the performance of dopant, impurity, interface, alloy and compounds. ▸ Interface bond energy, energy density, and atomic cohesive energy can be determined using XPS and our BOLS theory. ▸ Presents a new and reliable method for catalyst design and identification. ▸ Entrapment makes CuPd to be a p-type catalyst and polarization derives AgPd as an n-type catalyst.