Substrate temperature optimization for Cu(In, Ga)Se2 solar cells on flexible stainless steels

- CIGS thin films are deposited on flexible SS substrates at different substrate temperatures.
- CIGS thin films deposited at different TS2 show different Ga/(Ga + In) ratio profiles.
- All CIGS thin films show (112) and (220/204) preferred orientations with a shift to higher angles.
- Conversion efficiency of 11.3% is obtained for CIGS solar cells deposited at 500 °C.