Enhanced in vitro biocompatibility of ultrafine-grained titanium with hierarchical porous surface

► A new hierarchical porous surface was produced on the ultrafine-grained titanium. ► The hierarchical porous surface increased the apatite forming ability and promoted osteoblast-like cells attachment and proliferation. ► Ultrafine-grained titanium with hierarchical porous surface exhibited low corrosion rate in simulated body fluid.