Fabrication of open-ended TiO2 nanotube arrays by anodizing a thermally evaporated Ti/Au bilayer film

▶ Thermally evaporated Ti/Au bilayer film. ▶ Well-aligned TiO2 nanotube arrays by anodizing Ti film. ▶ Open-ended structure with a large area ratio. ▶ A specific non-aqueous organic based electrolyte.