TiO2 activation using acid-treated vermiculite as a support: Characteristics and photoreactivity

► Vermiculite treated by different acids, nitric acid was superior over sulfuric acid. ► Acid activated vermiculite was successfully used to immobilize TiO2. ► The substituted partly isopropyl alcohol with Cl− in titanium chloride as TiO2 precursor. ► The photoreactivity of different TiO2/vermiculite was compared.