Deformation behavior of the oxide film on the surface of cold sprayed powder particle

► The formation of the metal jet helps to remove the cracked oxides from the interface. ► Part of the cracked oxides remains at the central region of the interface. ► Substrate hardness, particle velocity and spray angle affect the oxide film deformation. ► The remaining oxides accumulate at one side of the interface for angular impacting. ► The oxides remaining at the interparticle interface exist at the entire interface.