Inter-frame video forgery detection and localization using intrinsic effects of double compression on quantization errors of video coding

• A new algorithm for inter-frame video forgery detection and localization is proposed.
• The traces of quantization error on residual errors of P frames are studied.
• The algorithm can detect inter-frame forgeries in videos with different GOP lengths.
• We detect quantization-error-rich areas in P frames to reduce the effect of motion.

In this paper, a new passive approach is proposed for tampering detection and localization in MPEGx coded videos. The proposed algorithm can detect frame insertion or deletion and double compression with different GOP structures and lengths. To devise the proposed algorithm, the traces of quantization error on residual errors of P frames are mathematically studied. Then, based on the obtained guidelines, a new algorithm is proposed to detect quantization-error-rich areas in the P frames and reduce the effect of motion on residual errors of P frames. Subsequently, a wavelet-based algorithm is proposed to enrich the traces of quantization error in the frequency domain. Finally, the processed and spatially constrained residual errors of P frames are employed to detect and localize video forgery in the temporal domain. Experimental results and a comparison of the proposed method with an existing approach show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm especially for videos with high compression rates.