The high 'price' of dematerialization: A dynamic panel data analysis of material use and economic recession

Gross domestic product (GDP) and domestic material consumption (DMC = domestic extraction plus imports minus exports) growth rates in the United States of America (U.S.), Germany, Japan, and Brazil during 1970-2010. Please note the differences in scaling of the y-axis. Data sources: UNEP (2016a), World Bank (2016).271