Ethylene hydroformylation in imidazolium-based ionic liquids catalyzed by rhodium–phosphine complexes

In this research, the catalytic activity of a rhodium-based (Rh) catalyst with imidazolium-based ionic liquids (IBILs) as solvents for ethylene hydroformylation was studied. The structures of IBILs had an important influence on the activity and stability of the Rh catalyst. The IBILs with longer cation side chains, which were the strong steric hindrances around the Rh catalyst, were more unfavorable for the catalytic activity. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the Rh catalyst was 10627 h−1 when [Bmim][BF4] was used as solvent. The activity of the Rh complexes in the ionic liquid is better than they do in toluene. We used electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to characterize the catalyst after the reaction and found that [Bmim]+ acts as a ligand of the Rh catalyst to form a new active catalytic site [Rh(CO)(PPh3)2(Bmim)(BF4)]+ through the coordination of the Rh atom with the imidazole-2-C group of [Bmim][BF4], and it was essential for the stabilization of the Rh catalyst and prevented the formation of low-active Rh clusters. In addition, the catalyst recycling test showed that the Rh catalyst could be reused with [Bmim][BF4] as solvent without obvious loss of catalytic activity.

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► Catalytic activity of Rh catalyst for hyroformylation in ILs solution was studied.
► TOF of Rh catalyst in [Bmim][BF4] solution is better than that in toluene solution.
► Rh catalyst forms new catalytic site [Rh(CO)(PPh3)2(Bmim)(BF4)]+ in [Bmim][BF4].
► Rh catalyst could be reused in [Bmim][BF4] solution.