Optimization of surface electrodes location for H-reflex recordings in soleus muscle

The Hoffmann reflex (H reflex) is extensively used to investigate the spinal motor neuron excitability in healthy and pathological subjects. Obtaining a representative and robust amplitude estimation of the H reflex is of marked relevance in clinical as well as in research applications. As for the motor responses, this issue is strictly related to the electrode positioning, especially for large, pinnate muscles such as the triceps surae. In this study we investigated the effect of electrode position on soleus H-reflex amplitude. A grid of 96 electrodes was used to identify maximal H reflexes (Hmax) across the whole soleus region available for surface recording. The spatial distribution of Hmax amplitude detected in monopolar and single-differential derivations was used to determine where greatest reflex responses were detected from soleus. For both derivations and for all participants, largest Hmax were detected consistently over the central soleus region, in correspondence of the muscle superficial aponeurosis. Indeed, the amplitude of Hmax provided by conventional electrodes (1 cm2 area, 2 cm apart) located centrally was significantly greater (median: 35% for monopolar and 79% for single-differential derivations) than that obtained medially, where surface electromyograms are typically recorded from soleus. Computer simulations, used to assist in the interpretation of results, suggest the soleus pinnate architecture was the key determinant of the medio-lateral variability observed for the experimental Hmax. The presented results provide a clear indication for electrode positioning, of crucial relevance in applied studies aimed at eliciting H reflexes.