Sex differences in transplantation

Sex plays a role in the incidence and progression of a wide variety of diseases and conditions related to transplantation. Additionally, a growing body of clinical and experimental evidence suggests that sex can impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of several commonly used immunosuppressive and anti-infective drugs in transplant recipients. A better understanding of these sex differences will facilitate advances in individualizing treatment for patients and improve outcomes of solid organ transplantation. Here, we provide a review of sex-related differences in transplantation and highlight opportunities for future research directions.