Eco-geomorphological approach for environmental flows assessment in monsoon-driven highland rivers: A case study of Upper Ganga, India

Annual hydrographs for E-Flows have been developed and compared with the observed flows for each site under natural flow conditions. Our computation shows that for the wet period, which is taken as the period from mid-May to mid-October, monthly E-Flows vary from ∼23% to ∼40% of the monthly natural flows at different sites. However, dry season E-Flows as percentages of natural flows, taken for the period from mid-October to mid-May, vary over a wider range of 29%-53% for these sites.