Methyl-orange and cadmium simultaneous removal using fly ash and photo-Fenton systems

► The mixed substrates of FA-M + TiO2 proved to be highly efficient in adsorption. ► FA-M + photo-Fenton are a low-cost material for advanced treatment of wastewater. ► The adsorbed MO may act as a complexion agent, increasing the affinity for metals. ► Dye removal by photodegradation is the favourable mechanism compared to adsorption.