Virus inactivation in the presence of quartz sand under static and dynamic batch conditions at different temperatures

► Lower initial virus concentrations yielded higher inactivation rates. ► The inactivation rate of MS2 was shown to be greater than that of ΦX174. ► Solid surfaces offer protection against inactivation under static batch conditions. ► Both MS2 and ΦX174 remain infective longer at 4 °C than at 20 °C.