The fate and transport of the SiO2 nanoparticles in a granular activated carbon bed and their impact on the removal of VOCs

► SiO2 NPs effect is a function of their zeta potential, concentration and size. ► Breakthrough studies showed GAC pore blockage and surface area reduction. ► The adsorption isotherms suggest weak attachment of SiO2 NPs. ► The isotherm results could falsely predict dynamic breakthrough. ► The experimental breakthrough studies confirm the implications of NPs.