An investigation of Cu(II) adsorption by raw and acid-activated bentonite: A combined potentiometric, thermodynamic, XRD, IR, DTA study

Adsorption of Cu(II) by raw bentonite (RB) and acid-activated bentonite (AAB) samples was investigated as a function of the initial Cu(II) concentration, solution pH, ionic strenght, temperature, the competitive and complexation effects of ligands (Cl−, SO42−, PO43−). Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity of the RB (42.41 mg g−1) was found greater than that of the AAB (32.17 mg g−1). The effect of structural charges on the reactivity of the edge groups was evidenced by the particular proton adsorption behaviour of the bentonite samples. The spontaneity of the adsorption process is established by decrease in ΔG which varied from −0.34 to −0.71 kJ mol−1 (RB), −1.13 to −1.49 kJ mol−1 (AAB) in temperature range 303-313 K. Infrared (IR) spectra of the bentonite samples showed that the positions and shapes of the fundamental vibrations of the OH and Si-O groups were influenced by the adsorbed Cu(II) cations. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) results showed that adsorbed Cu(II) cations have a great effect on the thermal behaviour of the bentonite samples. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra indicated that the Cu(II) adsorption onto the bentonite samples led to changes in unit cell dimensions and symmetry of the parent bentonites.