Evolutionary history and spatiotemporal dynamics of dengue virus type 1 in Asia

Previous studies showed that DENV-1 transmitted from monkeys to humans approximately 125 years ago. However, there is no comprehensive analysis about phylogeography and population dynamics of Asian DENV-1. Here, we adopt a Bayesian phylogeographic approach to investigate the evolutionary history and phylogeography of Asian DENV-1 using envelope (E) protein gene sequences of 450 viruses isolated from 1954 to 2010 throughout 18 Asian countries and regions. Bayesian phylogeographic analyses indicate that the high rates of viral migration possibly follows long-distance travel for humans in Southeast Asia. Our study highlights that Southeast Asian countries have acted as the main viral sources of the dengue epidemics in East Asia. The results reveal that the time to the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of Asian DENV-1 is 1906 (95% HPD, years 1897-1915). We show that the spatial dissemination of virus is the major source of DENV-1 outbreaks in the different localities and leads to subsequent establishment and expansion of the virus in these areas.

► We inferred the evolutionary history and phylogeography of 450 Asian DENV-1 isolates. ► A Bayesian phylodynamic and phylogeographic approach was employed. ► The TMRCA of the Asian DENV-1 was 1897-1915. ► The genotype I-V likely originated in Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines and India, respectively. ► Asian DENV-1 was spreading from Southeast Asia into surrounding subtropical and tropical Asian locations.