Multilocus genotyping reveals a polyphyletic pattern among naturally antimony-resistant Leishmania braziliensis isolates from Peru

► Efficacy of Sb[V] threatened by drug resistance emergence. ► Epidemiological dynamics of Sb[V] resistance in field Leishmania isolates. ► Polyphyletic pattern among Sb[V]-resistant Leishmania braziliensis isolates. ► Transmission and/or chemotherapeutic drug pressure do not explain population structure.