Update on genetic markers of quinine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum

► Quinine in vivo effectiveness and in vitro activity are higher in Africa than in South East Asia. ► Bonafide in vivo resistance has been established in South East Asia, but not yet in Africa. ► Change in Phnhe gene is associated with reduced quinine in vitro activity. ► Pfhne in association with pfmdr1 gene could be used as markers of in vitro reduced quinine activity.