The phylogeny of monkey beetles based on mitochondrial and ribosomal RNA genes (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Hopliini)

► All analyses recovered the Hopliini as monophyletic, sister group uncertain. ► Hopliina were paraphyletic with respect to Pachycnemina. ► Sexual dimorphism in Hopliini resulted to have three independent origins. ► Sexual dimorphism correlated with taxa with long persistence on a single flower.