Gentle vs. aversive handling of pregnant ewes: I. Maternal cortisol and behavior

► Aversive treatments were effective as ewes showed aversion towards humans. ► Grooming at birth was increased by aversive handling during pregnancy. ► Lambs from aversively treated ewes were heavier than from gently treated ewes. ► Aversively treated ewes followed their lambs less closely in a follow test. ► Maternal experience of the ewes decreased the effects of handling during gestation.