The cellular immune system in the post-myocardial infarction repair process

- We discuss the inflammatory cell repertoire implicated in cardiac repair after AMI.
- We consider infarct cell kinetics and its relation with outcome in men and mice.
- We highlight areas of controversy and main gaps in knowledge.

Growing evidence indicates that overactivation and prolongation of the inflammatory response after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) result in worse left ventricular remodelling, dysfunction and progression to heart failure. This post-AMI inflammatory response is characterised by the critical involvement of cells from both the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this review paper, we aim to summarise and discuss the emergence of immune cells in the bloodstream and myocardium after AMI in men and mice. Subset composition, phenotypes, and kinetics of immune cells are considered. In addition, the relation with post-MI cardiac remodelling, function and outcome is reported.Increased knowledge of immune components, the mechanisms and interactions by which these cells contribute to myocardial damage and repair following AMI may help to close the gaps that limit improvement of treatments of those who survive the acute infarction.