Berberine improves endothelial function by reducing endothelial microparticles-mediated oxidative stress in humans

BackgroundCirculating endothelial microparticles (EMPs) lead to endothelial dysfunction by increasing oxidative stress. Berberine has a beneficial effect on endothelial function, but no data are available on the EMP-mediated oxidative stress. The present study tests the hypothesis that berberine contributes to the improvement of endothelial function in humans via inhibiting EMP-mediated oxidative stress in vascular endothelium.MethodsTwelve healthy subjects received a 1-month berberine therapy and eleven healthy subjects served as control. Endothelium-dependent and -independent function in the brachial artery was assessed by flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) and sublingual nitroglyceride-mediated vasodilation (NMD). Circulating EMPs and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured before and after therapy. Furthermore, in vitro human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were stimulated by EMPs with or without presence of anti-oxidant compound apocynin or berberine. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) production and NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) protein expressions were examined, respectively.ResultsThe levels of serum MDA and circulating CD31 +/CD42 − MPs were significantly reduced in the berberine group compared with the control group, which were associated with improvement of FMD. The EMPs in vitro facilitated ROS production and Nox4 protein expression and reduced NO synthesis in HUVECs. These alterations can be reversed by the presence of apocynin or berberine, respectively.ConclusionThe present study demonstrated for the first time that EMP-induced upregulation of Nox4 expression may enhance ROS production in HUVECs. Berberine treatment contributes to the amelioration of endothelial function through a partially reducing oxidative stress of vascular endothelium induced by circulating CD31 +/CD42 − microparticles in humans.