Focal seizures versus epileptic spasms in children with focal cortical dysplasia and epilepsy onset in the first year

Frontal lobe localization of FCDs was closely associated with ES (p = 0.001). Moreover we also found that patients with focal seizures followed by ES had a significantly earlier age at onset compared to patients with focal seizures only (p < 0.001). The association between ES and right-sided FCD lateralization, even if numerically suggestive, did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.16). There was no significant association between seizure type and drug resistance (p = 0.08).