Increased expression of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 is associated with poor outcome in intracerebral hemorrhage

Inflammatory response in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is associated with poor outcome and could be a consequence of Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. We investigated the influence of TLR2 and TLR4 expression on the outcome of ICH patients. Expression levels of TLR2 and TLR4 in monocytes at admission were independently associated with poor functional outcome. On the other hand, TLR2 and TLR4 expression at admission in both monocytes and neutrophils was independently associated with residual lesion volume. In conclusion, increased expression of TLR2 and TLR4 is associated with poor functional outcome and greater residual volume in ICH patients.