Error-related medial frontal theta activity predicts cingulate-related structural connectivity

► Response errors elicit enhanced medial frontal theta (4-8 Hz) oscillation activity. ► Errors also elicit increased medial frontal-based cortico-cortical synchronization. ► Error-related theta predicts cortical-striatal anatomical connectivity. ► Long-range synchronization predicted white matter tracts in the corpus callosum. ► DTI-based tractography reflects, in part, the efficiency of information transfer.