Applied nutritional investigationDifferential dose effect of fish oil on inflammation and adipose tissue gene expression in chronic kidney disease patients

ObjectiveThe beneficial effects of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in cardiovascular disease are partly attributed to their anti-inflammatory properties. Their potential effect on the adipose tissue of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients has never been explored.MethodsTo determine the metabolic effect of supplementation with two different doses of fish oil (FO), 12 non-dialyzed patients with stage IV/V CKD were randomly allocated to receive 1.8 g or 3.6 g/d of ω-3 PUFA for 10 wk. Metabolic parameters, adipose tissue function, and gene expression were evaluated at baseline and 10 wk.ResultsBody weight, fat mass, energy intake, fasting glucose, and insulin were unchanged. The daily intake of 3.6 g of ω-3 PUFA resulted in decreased serum triacylglycerol and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, whereas low-density lipoprotein cholesterol increased with 1.8 g of ω-3 PUFA. Serum adiponectin, leptin, C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α were not modified in either group. Interleukin-6 levels tended to decrease with 1.8 g of ω-3 PUFA. Additionally, a subset of inflammation-related genes (CD68 and MMP9) was reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue in this group. Adiponectin, leptin, and adipoR2 gene expression were upregulated with 3.6 g of ω-3 PUFA.ConclusionsA moderate dose of FO alters the gene expression profile of adipose tissue to a more antiinflammatory status. Higher doses of FO have a favorable effect on lipid profile and lead to the upregulation of adipokines gene expression suggesting a different dose response to ω-3 PUFA administration in patients with CKD.