Research ArticlePrediction of aggressiveness in early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma for selection of surgical resection

Background & AimsIn early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma (eHCC), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has comparable outcomes to surgical resection (SR); however, micrometastases may be present, resulting in tumor recurrence after local ablation. Therefore, we investigated predictors of aggressiveness in eHCC to select patients at high risk of recurrence after RFA who would benefit from SR.MethodsFirst, we analyzed 128 patients with newly diagnosed eHCC (single tumor with a diameter <3 cm) who underwent SR between January 2006 and December 2011. Risk factors for micrometastasis (representative of tumor aggressiveness) such as microvascular invasion or poor histologic grade were investigated. We then analyzed 201 eHCC patients who underwent RFA between July 2007 and December 2011. Identified risk factors were validated to determine their influence on tumor recurrence.ResultsThe only significant risk factor for tumor aggressiveness in the SR group was the product of serum levels of α-fetoprotein (AFP) and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence-II (PIVKA-II) (A∗P ⩾1600; hazard ratio [HR] 4.764; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.867-12.161; p = 0.001). This product also showed statistical significance for predicting recurrence in the RFA group (HR 2.296; 95% CI, 1.237-4.262; p = 0.008). Patients with RFA and A∗P ⩾1600 had significant early tumor recurrence (p = 0.008) and poor late survival outcomes (p = 0.001) compared with other patients.ConclusionsThe product of AFP and PIVKA-II levels is a useful predictor of aggressiveness in eHCC, which predicts tumor recurrence after RFA. Therefore, it should be considered when selecting SR as first-line treatment.