Osteochondral defect repair using bilayered hydrogels encapsulating both chondrogenically and osteogenically pre-differentiated mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model

Cartilage regeneration in osteochondral defects can be enhanced by MSCs that are chondrogenically and osteogenically pre-differentiated prior to implantation. Longer chondrogenic pre-differentiation periods, however, lead to diminished cartilage repair.