A comparative cross-cultural study of the prevalence of late life depression in low and middle income countries

- Late life depression prevalence was evaluate in 17,000 older adults from LMIC.
- Depression prevalence varied across sites according to diagnostic criteria.
- Prospective longitudinal studies are needed in order to clarify aetiological factors.
- Expression of depression in different cultures needs more work and further analysis.
- Prioritisation of recognition and treatment of depression in older adults should be on the agenda of policy-makers across the world.

BackgroundCurrent estimates of the prevalence of depression in later life mostly arise from studies carried out in Europe, North America and Asia. In this study we aimed to measure the prevalence of depression using a standardised method in a number of low and middle income countries (LMIC).MethodsA one-phase cross-sectional survey involving over 17,000 participants aged 65 years and over living in urban and rural catchment areas in 13 sites from 9 countries (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Mexico, Venezuela, Peru, China, India and Nigeria). Depression was assessed and compared using ICD-10 and EURO-D criteria.ResultsDepression prevalence varied across sites according to diagnostic criteria. The lowest prevalence was observed for ICD-10 depressive episode (0.3 to 13.8%). When using the EURO-D depression scale, the prevalence was higher and ranged from 1.0% to 38.6%. The crude prevalence was particularly high in the Dominican Republic and in rural India. ICD-10 depression was also associated with increased age and being female.LimitationsGeneralisability of findings outside of catchment areas is difficult to assess.ConclusionsLate life depression is burdensome, and common in LMIC. However its prevalence varies from culture to culture; its diagnosis poses a significant challenge and requires proper recognition of its expression.