Pain at age eight as a predictor of antidepressant medication use by age 24: Findings from the Finnish nationwide 1981 birth cohort study

BackgroundThe existing knowledge about long-term psychosocial consequences of childhood pain is scarce. The current study investigated childhood pain symptoms as potential risk factors for antidepressant use in adolescence and early adulthood.MethodsA representative sample of eight-year-old children (n = 6017) and their parents were asked about the prevalence of the child's headache, abdominal pain, and unspecified pain symptoms. The associations with antidepressant purchases by age 24, based on the nationwide prescription register, were analyzed separately for each symptom and each reporter. Sex, parental educational level, and child-, parent- and teacher-reported child's psychiatric symptoms at baseline were included as confounding variables.ResultsIn the sex-adjusted model, the child's own report of headache and other pains, and the parents' report of their child's abdominal pain, predicted antidepressant purchases. When confounding variables were included in the final model, only the child's own report of headache predicted antidepressant use with a dose-response relationship. The hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for frequent and for almost daily headache were 1.6 (1.3-2.0) and 2.1 (1.5-2.9), respectively, in the sex-adjusted model, and 1.5 (1.2-1.8) and 1.7 (1.2-2.5) in the final model.LimitationsThe assessment of each pain symptom was based on one question for each reporter. The specific indications for the described medication could not be defined.ConclusionsHealth care professionals should also ask children themselves about the pain symptoms. They should be aware that children with pain are at increased risk of suffering later from conditions that require antidepressant treatment.