Biofouling in RO system: Mechanisms, monitoring and controlling

► The mechanisms and the fundamentals of microbial adhesion to membrane surface were elaborated. ► Microscopic, spectroscopic and other biofouling monitoring techniques were reviewed. ► The advantages and disadvantages associated with using the common biofouling monitoring techniques were discussed. ► Different technical aspects of the available biofouling controlling methods were addressed. ► The use of environmentally friendly disinfection methods for biofouling controlling in membrane system was proposed.