Effect of modified PVDF hollow fiber submerged ultrafiltration membrane for refinery wastewater treatment

► TiO2 in PVDF UF promotes higher hydrophilicity, small pore size and high porosity. ► Higher TiO2 concentration leads to an aggregate phenomenon and pore blockage. ► Higher membrane hydrophilicity and small pore size significantly enhanced flux. ► Higher flux is achieved at higher pH values.