Correlation of biofouling with the bio-cake architecture in an MBR

The experimental or theoretical method that can visualize or quantify the architecture of bio-cake formed on the surface of membrane is of great interest in understanding biofouling mechanisms, also controlling biofouling in a membrane bioreactor (MBR). This paper summarizes the methods for determining the porosity of bio-cake experimentally or theoretically and also correlates the bio-cake architecture with membrane filterability in a submerged MBR under various operating conditions.