Growth hormone and its receptor in projection neurons of the chick visual system: Retinofugal and tectobulbar tracts

Recent studies have shown the presence of growth hormone (GH) in the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) of the neural retina in chick embryos at the end of the first trimester [embryonic day (E) 7] of the 21 day incubation period. In this study the presence of GH in fascicles of the optic fiber layer (OFL), formed by axons derived from the underlying RGCs, is shown. Immunoreactivity for GH is also traced through the optic nerve head, at the back of the eye, into the optic nerve, through the optic chiasm, into the optic tract and into the stratum opticum and the retinorecipient layer of the optic tectum, where the RGC axons synapse. The presence of GH immunoreactivity in the tectum occurs prior to synaptogenesis with RGC axons and thus reflects the local expression of the GH gene, especially as GH mRNA is also distributed within this tissue. The distribution of GH-immunoreactivity in the visual system of the E7 embryo is consistent with the distribution of the GH receptor (GHR), which is also expressed in the neural retina and tectum. The presence of a GH-responsive gene (GHRG-1) in these tissues also suggests that the visual system is not just a site of GH production but a site of GH action. These results support the possibility that GH acts as a local growth factor during early embryonic development of the visual system.