Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several alternative halogenated flame retardants in a small herbivorous food chain

► The paddy field ecosystem at the e-waste site has been contaminated by HFRs. ► Concentrations of total AHFRs were comparable to those of PBDEs. ► The AHFRs may have greater bioavailability compared with PBDEs. ► PBDEs and DP biomagnified in the herbivorous food chain. ► First report on bioaccumulation of the AHFRs in a herbivorous food chain.