Acid rain and particulate matter dynamics in a mid-sized Andean city: The effect of rain intensity on ion scavenging

► Urban ridge development of Manizales offers conditions for air pollution studies. ► Acid rain was evenly distributed in the city with a mean VWM pH value of 4.9 units. ► Scavenging rates of sulfates in PM10 increased with increasing rain intensity. ► Sulfates were the predominant ion in rain reflecting a predominance of SO2 emissions. ► Vehicular and volcanic emissions could contribute to high levels of sulfates in rain.