Late Miocene through early Pleistocene nutrient utilization and export production in the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean

► A more southerly position of the Polar Front during the early Pliocene warm interval ► Early Pliocene CO2 concentrations may have been linked to reduced productivity in the Southern Ocean. ► Coupled changes in nutrient utilization and productivity during the late Pliocene ► Water column stratification may have affected CO2 levels during the late Pliocene.