Vegetation responses to rapid warming and to minor climatic fluctuations during the Late-Glacial Interstadial (GI-1) at Gerzensee (Switzerland)

► The shift of δ18O coincides with the “juniper jump”. ► This is a transition from shrub-tundra to juniper-birch woodland. ► Some responses of pollen to warming occur within sampling resolution (< 10 yr). ► Responses on the population level include immigration and (local) extinction. ► Ecosystem responses include interactions e.g. nitrogen fixers, pedogenesis, albedo.