Effect of varying poly(styrene sulfonic acid) content in poly(vinyl alcohol)–poly(styrene sulfonic acid) blend membrane and its ramification in hydrogen–oxygen polymer electrolyte fuel cells

Poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PSSA) content in poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and PSSA blend membrane is varied and its effect on proton conductivity is studied at varying relative humidity (RH) values. The maximum proton conductivity is observed for the PVA–PSSA membrane with about 35 wt. % PSSA at all humidity values. At 30% RH value, the conductivity of PVA–PSSA blend membrane is 1.20 × 10−3 S/cm, which is about two orders of magnitude higher than the conductivity value of 2.27 × 10−5 S/cm observed for pristine PVA membrane. Water self-diffusion coefficients and water release kinetics of these materials have been characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging technique, which validate the use of this membrane in polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs). A peak power density of 210 mW/cm2 at a load current-density of 500 mA/cm2 is achieved for the PEFC with the optimized PVA–PSSA membrane as electrolyte compared to a peak power density of only 38 mW/cm2 observed at a load current-density of 80 mA/cm2 for the PEFC with pristine PVA membrane as electrolyte while operating at 75 °C with H2 and O2 feeds to the fuel cell maintained at atmospheric pressure.