Geographical implications of seasonal reproduction in the bat star Asterina stellifera

- We study the geographic variation of seasonal reproduction of Asterina stellifera.
- An extended spawning period and no dependence on energy transfer is detected.
- Seawater temperature appears to influence gonad proliferation at both range limits.
- Gamete release failure is not the cause of the recruitment scarcity detected.
- Reproductive trait differences were found in populations at both range limits.

The reproductive cycle and environmental cues that regulate gonad production in Asterina stellifera were studied from April 2009 to April 2011 in a rocky subtidal habitat at the southernmost limit of its distribution (Mar del Plata, Argentina). The geographic variation in reproductive traits between latitudinal range limits was analyzed. The gonadal and pyloric caeca weight varied with sea star size and time in both sexes. Despite a previous study which suggested the absence of recruitment in a 4 year period, our data of the same period demonstrated that spawning happens from early spring to early summer. The gonad and pyloric caeca weight did not show an inverse relationship, this suggested that there is no dependence on energy transfer between the organs and that the bat star presented a good nutritional state. Seawater temperature appears to be the variable explaining gonad proliferation at the range limits of A. stellifera distribution. Furthermore, differences in sex ratio, oocyte production, oogenesis duration and capability of energy transformation into ova were found between range limits.