Land cover changes and environmental protection: A study based on transition matrices concerning Sardinia (Italy)

- P Degradation and simplification occur in Natura 2000 sites and natural protected areas, in spite of conservation measures.
- Artificialization processes in protected areas, although quantitatively irrelevant, signal human-induced pressures.
- Urbanization processes in protected areas are less significant due to restrictions related to conservation measures.
- New natural protected areas and Natura 2000 sites could substantially contribute to reducing land-taking processes.
- Potential conflicts between conservation measures and traditional land uses need managing within planning processes.

Prevention and mitigation of the progressive spread of artificialization are key goals of environmental protection policies leading to the establishment of protected areas. Artificialization processes can be effectively assessed by analyzing land cover and land use changes, which put in evidence different kinds of processes that spur a decrease in natural areas and an increase in artificial ones. In this article, we first analyze land cover change processes by developing transition matrices using the simplified Land and Ecosystem Account taxonomy, and next we compare and contrast processes that take place in areas characterized by different levels of environmental protection, which we identify as follows: natural protected areas, sites of the European Natura 2000 network, and unprotected areas. We take the Italian island of Sardinia as a case study, since a system of national and regional parks and an extensive Natura 2000 network have been established in this region, and analyze and compare land cover change processes over more than twenty years (i.e. between 1990 and 2012). Our results highlight significant implications for the definition and implementation of planning policies aiming at preventing or mitigating artificialization processes within the island. However, the methodological approach here proposed can be applied in other European regional contexts so as to tailor planning policies to the local characteristics of ongoing land cover transition processes.