Temporal scales, ecosystem dynamics, stakeholders and the valuation of ecosystems services

- Ecosystem services supply can strongly vary at the time frame of decades.
- This has important implications for analyzing ecosystem services and for comparing ecosystem management options.
- However, the variations are difficult to predict.
- Temporal variations are illustrated with a case study for a Dutch national park.
- Ecosystem managers can reduce risks by valorising multiple ecosystem services.

Temporal dimensions are highly relevant to the analysis of ecosystem services and their economic value. In this paper, we provide a framework that can be used for analyzing temporal dimensions of ecosystem services, we present a case study including an analysis of the supply of three ecosystem services in a Dutch national park, the Hoge Veluwe, over a time span of around a century, and we analyze the implications of temporal scales for ecosystem services analysis and valuation and ecosystem management. Our paper shows there can be major shifts in the values attributed to specific ecosystem services at time scales of decades or less. Changes in values at these time scales and are not commonly included in cost benefit analysis of ecosystem management options or natural capital accounts. Yet - given the long time lapse with which ecosystems may respond to management - these changes are highly relevant. We argue that ecosystem managers using cost benefit analysis should be aware of both uncertainties and of temporal changes in ecosystem values, and - to deal with unexpected changes in ecosystem services values - consider management strategies that target multiple ecosystem services.