Study of combustion, performance and emissions of a diesel engine fueled with ternary fuel in blended and fumigation modes

According to the average of five loads, compared to the pure diesel operation, the blended mode causes increases in peak heat release rate (HRR), ignition delay (ID), BSFC, CO, HC and NO2; drops in duration of combustion (DOC), CO2, NOX, PM, total number concentration (TNC) and geometric mean diameter (GMD); and similar peak in-cylinder pressure and BTE. While the fumigation mode leads to higher peak HRR, DOC, BSFC, CO, HC, NO2 and TNC; lower ID, BTE and NOX; and similar peak in-cylinder pressure, CO2, PM and GMD in comparison with the diesel mode. In addition, the F + B mode has the effects between those of the fumigation and blended modes. Among the three fueling modes, the blended mode gives the highest engine performance and lowest emissions, except for NOX. In contrast, the fumigation mode gives the worst engine performance and emissions, except for NOX.